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<title>Muscle tone</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muscle tone</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the use of the term "tone" in weight training and bodybuilding, see <a href="Toning_exercises" title="Toning exercises">Toning exercises</a>.</div>

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<p>In <a href="Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, medicine, and <a href="Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <b>muscle tone</b> (<b>residual muscle tension</b> or <b>tonus</b>) is the continuous and passive partial <a href="Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contraction of the muscles</a>, or the muscle's resistance to passive stretch during resting state.<sup id="cite_ref-osullivan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osullivan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ganguly_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganguly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It helps to maintain <a href="Neutral_spine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral spine">posture</a> and declines during <a href="REM_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="REM sleep">REM sleep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tinguely_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tinguely-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscle tone is regulated by the activity of the <a href="Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neurons</a> and can be affected by various factors, including age, disease, and nerve damage.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2></div>

<p>If a sudden <a href="Muscle_pull" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle pull">pull</a> or stretch occurs, the body responds by automatically increasing the muscle's tension, a reflex which helps guard against danger as well as helping maintain <a href="Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">balance</a>. Such near-continuous <a href="Nerve#Terminology" title="Nerve">innervation</a> can be thought of as a "default" or "steady state" condition for muscles. Both the <a href="Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extensor</a> and <a href="Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexor</a> muscles are involved in the maintenance of a constant tone while at rest. In skeletal muscles, this helps maintain a normal posture.

</p><p>Resting muscle tone varies along a <a href="Bell-shaped_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell-shaped curve">bell-shaped curve</a>. Low tone is perceived as "lax, flabby, floppy, mushy, dead weight" and high tone is perceived as "tight, light, strong". Muscles with high tone are not necessarily strong and muscles with low tone are not necessarily weak. In general, low tone does increase flexibility and decrease strength, and high tone does decrease flexibility and increase strength, but with many exceptions. A person with low tone will most likely not be able to engage in "explosive" movement such as needed in a sprinter or high jumper. These athletes usually have high tone that is within normal limits. A person with high tone will usually not be flexible in activities such as dance and yoga. Joint laxity contributes greatly to flexibility, especially with flexibility in one or a few areas, instead of overall flexibility.

</p><p>For example, a person can be high tone with normal to poor flexibility in most areas, but be able to put the palms of the hands on the floor with straight knees due to hypermobile sacroiliac joints. It is important to assess several areas before deciding if a person has high, low, or normal muscle tone.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathological_tonus">Pathological tonus</h2></div>

<p>Physical disorders can result in abnormally low (<a href="Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">hypotonia</a>) or high (<a href="Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">hypertonia</a>) muscle tone.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another form of hypertonia is <a href="Paratonia" title="Paratonia">paratonia</a>, which is associated with <a href="Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drenth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drenth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypotonia is seen in lower motor neuron disease like <a href="Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a>. Hypotonia can present clinically as muscle <a href="Flaccid_paralysis" title="Flaccid paralysis">flaccidity</a>, where the limbs appear floppy, <a href="Stretch_reflex" title="Stretch reflex">stretch reflex</a> responses are decreased, and the limb's resistance to passive movement is also decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-osullivan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osullivan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypertonia is seen in upper motor neuron diseases like lesions in pyramidal tract and extrapyramidal tract. Hypertonia can present clinically as either <a href="Spasticity" title="Spasticity">spasticity</a> or <a href="Rigidity_(neurology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigidity (neurology)">rigidity</a>. While <a href="Spasticity" title="Spasticity">spasticity</a> is velocity-dependent resistance to passive stretch (e.g., passively moving an elbow quickly will elicit increased muscle tone, but passively moving elbow slowly may not elicit increased muscle tone), <a href="Rigidity_(neurology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigidity (neurology)">rigidity</a> is velocity-independent resistance to passive stretch (i.e. there is uniform increased tone whether the elbow is passively moved quickly or slowly).<sup id="cite_ref-osullivan_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osullivan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<a href="Spasticity" title="Spasticity">Spasticity</a> can be in the form of the <a href="Clasp-knife_response" title="Clasp-knife response">clasp-knife response</a>, in which there is increased resistance only at the beginning or at the end of the movement. Rigidity can be of the leadpipe type, in which there is resistance throughout to passive movement, or it may be of cogwheel type, in which the resistance to passive movement is in a jerky manner.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonus_in_surgery">Tonus in surgery</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a>, tonus may be a central consideration in <a href="Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">eye surgery</a>, as in the manipulation of <a href="Extraocular_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraocular muscle">extraocular muscles</a> to repair <a href="Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a>. Tonicity aberrations are associated with many diseases of the eye (e.g. <a href="Adie_syndrome" title="Adie syndrome">Adie syndrome</a>).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cramps">Cramps</h3></div>

<p>Normally, people are unaware of their muscle tone in their daily activities. The body maintains the balance between the tone of flexor and extensor muscle groups. Sometimes, in normal, healthy people, that tone is lost either in flexors or extensor muscle groups in isolation, temporarily and intermittently resulting in <a href="Cramp" title="Cramp">muscle cramps</a>. Treating these extensor or flexor group of muscles in isolation can be difficult. Generally, <a href="Muscle_relaxants" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle relaxants">muscle relaxants</a> or <a href="Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a> can help with cramps and is warranted when they become troublesome. But these medication cause their relaxing effect in both groups by moderating their tone. The cause of disproportionate intermittent contractions of either flexors or extensors or the cause of cramps is unknown. The stimulus for muscle cramps may originate in the cerebral cortex, the spinal cord, or the muscle itself. This could indicate developing pathology or other problems in the future.

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<ul><li><a href="Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">Muscle weakness</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-osullivan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osullivan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osullivan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osullivan_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">O’Sullivan, S. B. (2007). Examination of motor function: Motor control and motor learning. In S. B. O’Sullivan, & T. J. Schmitz (Eds), Physical rehabilitation (5th ed.) (pp. 233-234). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F. A. Davis Company.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGangulyKulshreshthaAlmotiriJog2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ganguly, J; Kulshreshtha, D; Almotiri, M; Jog, M (16 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8071570">"Muscle Tone Physiology and Abnormalities"</a>. <i>Toxins</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 282. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ftoxins13040282">10.3390/toxins13040282</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8071570">8071570</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33923397">33923397</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-tinguely-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tinguely_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTinguelyHuberBorbélyAchermann2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tinguely, Gilberte; Huber, Reto; Borbély, Alexandera; Achermann, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1389709">"Non-rapid eye movement sleep with low muscle tone as a marker of rapid eye movement sleep regulation"</a>. <i>BMC Neuroscience</i>. <b>7</b>: 2. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2202-7-2">10.1186/1471-2202-7-2</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1389709">1389709</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16401347">16401347</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBettsDesaixJohnsonJohnson2023" class="citation book cs1">Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (14 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/10-4-nervous-system-control-of-muscle-tension"><i>Anatomy & Physiology</i></a>. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 10.4 Nervous system control of muscle tension. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-947172-04-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Drenth-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drenth_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDrenthZuidemaBautmansMarinelli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Drenth, H; Zuidema, S; Bautmans, I; Marinelli, L; Kleiner, G; Hobbelen, H (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7836054">"Paratonia in Dementia: A Systematic Review"</a>. <i>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease</i>. <b>78</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1615–</span>1637. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FJAD-200691">10.3233/JAD-200691</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7836054">7836054</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33185600">33185600</a>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/tone/adductor_animation.shtml">BBC series on muscles</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Physiology_of_muscles42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiology of <a href="Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Exertion" title="Exertion">Exertion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">Exercise</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">Movement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eye_movement" title="Eye movement">Eye movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">Locomotion</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Hand_strength" title="Hand strength">Hand strength</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">Muscle contraction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Isometric_exercise" title="Isometric exercise">Isometric</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotonic_(exercise_physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotonic (exercise physiology)">Isotonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">Uterine contraction</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="End-plate_potential" title="End-plate potential">End-plate potential</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Myogenesis" title="Myogenesis">Myogenesis</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Muscle_tone&oldid=1277819595">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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